Reported Speech
Direct speech or discourse is used to report exactly of what someone said in another context. It is usually marked by quotes: John shouted: Open the door Indirect discurse consists of reporting such statements indirectly, without using quotes, in English it is necessary the backshift of tenses, pronouns, adverbs, etc. Backshift of tenses from .......................to Simple Present to Simple Past Simple Past,Present and Past Perfect to Past Perfect will (Future Simple) to would (Conditional) Present Continuous to Past Continuous Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous Shifting of expressions of time this (evening) that (evening) today/this day = that day these (days) = those (days) now = then (a week) ago = (a week) before last weekend = the weekend before / the previous weekend here = there