loegria

Direct speech or discourse is used to report exactly of what someone said in another context. It is usually marked by quotes: John shouted: Open the door Indirect discurse consists of reporting such statements indirectly, without using quotes, in English it is necessary the backshift of tenses, pronouns, adverbs, etc. Backshift of tenses from .......................to Simple Present to Simple Past Simple Past,Present and Past Perfect to Past Perfect will (Future Simple) to would (Conditional) Present Continuous to Past Continuous Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous Shifting of expressions of time this (evening) that (evening) today/this day = that day these (days) = those (days) now = then (a week) ago = (a week) before last weekend = the weekend before / the previous weekend here = there

Homophones are words that have exactly the same sound (pronunciation) but different meanings and (usually) spelling. The etymology of homophone is made up of the blending of two combining forms: homo- (from the Greek word "homos")which means "same" -phone (from the Greek word "phone") which means "voice" or "sound" Therefore, there is a list of words which are homophones because their pronunciation is the same though they have different spelling and meaning: sauce/source one/won packed/ pact to/too/two saw/soar/sore there/their/they're scene/seen heard/herd allowed/aloud pair/pare/pear alms/arms there/their/they're bare/bear pole/poll liar/lyre rain/reign/rein flair/flare vain/vane/vein flaw/floor

Prepositions are frequently used; they indicate direction, position, place, etc and used to go after the main verb. The most common are these: -on (the Spanish translation is en, sobre ). He was lying on the carpet . -to ( a, hacia ): it indicates direction towards. She went to the balcony . -at ( a, en ): position, place. They were waiting at bus stop . -in ( en, dentro ): location, inside something. The doll was hidden in the case . -into ( a, a dentro de ): direction. This goes into this file. -under ( bajo ): position or location. The thief was hidden under the bed . -over ( sobre ) position. The plane has flown over the city . -beside ( al lado de ): position, place. They were beside the policemen . -between ( entre dos ): position. He was between the Parliament and the Opera House . -from ( de, desde ): direction of origin. She came from Germany . -with ( con ): position. She was walking with her mother . -across ( a través de ): indicates d

Muddy Water 1 cup cola 1 cup orange juice ice cubes Fill tall glass with ice cubes. Add orange juice, then cola. Stir well. Watch it turn a muddy color! Shirley Temple Named after the famous child actress who loved this drink. 1 cup ginger ale 1/2 cup orange juice grenadine syrup maraschino cherries lemon slices crushed ice In a tall glass filled with crushed ice, mix together ginger ale, orange juice, and a splash of grenadine syrup. Stir well. Garnish with a maraschino cherry and a slice of lemon. For parties, stick a colorful Chinese paper umbrella through the cherry and lemon slice. Roy Rogers This non-alcoholic drink is named after the old-time cowboy. 1 cup cola 1 tablespoon grenadine syrup maraschino cherry crushed ice…. In a tall glass half filled with crushed ice, pour in cola. Add grenadine syrup. Stir well. Garnish with a maraschino cherry.

They are words that are similar in spelling and/or pronunciation in two languages but have different meanings. A common mistake that students of foreign languages make is to assume that a word that looks similar to one they know will have the same meaning. Sometimes the similarity in words of two languages comes about because of coincidence. For example, there is no connection between the English "tuna" and the Spanish tuna. At other times, the meaning has changed in one or both languages from what it originally meant. An example is the Latin word futilis, which originally meant something (such as a boat) that leaked. In English the word eventually became "futile" meaning "ineffective," while in Spanish the word became fútil, meaning "insignificant." Also known as falso amigo in Spanish. In English, although it is not technically precise, sometimes the term "false cognate" is used synonymously. Examples: The Spanish once means "ele

“Nowadays all European countries drive on the right but in Britain and Ireland, you must drive on the left. Why do they drive on the left? We don’t know for sure but there are several hypotheses. It may be due to horse carriages. The coach man held the reins with the left hand and the whip with the right hand. They had to drive on the left so the whip didn’t hit pedestrians or get entangled in trees. Some people say comes from the Middle Ages. When knights fought they held the weapon on their right hand and it was better to have their enemy on their right rather than on their left. It may have its origins in the Viking way of navigation. Countries under Viking influence, like Britain and Scandinavian countries adopted this traffic system for roads. Sweden was the last country in the continent to change to the European Code. It was on in 1967 with a cost of 600 million kronas, serious traffic problems and many casualties. Accidents increased dramatically that year. Maybe these figures d

1. Some refers an indefinite quantity (cierto número de...) and it is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences when an affirmative answer is expected: Leave us some apples...I have some money ...Would you like some coffee? Some can be replaced by the following expressions: a) 'A little' , with singular nouns without plural (tea, sugar, coffee, water): I have a little tea b) “A few' , with plural nouns: I have a few books about Mexico 2. Any , can be used in interrogative sentences (indefinite quantity) or negative (in this case the sentence express the lack of quantity). In the case of affirmative sentences, contrary to “some” an affirmative sentence is not expected, it can be affirmative or negative. Are there any Argentineans here? ...There isn't any problem In affirmative sentences “any” means in Spanish “cualquier”: Bring me any book you can find 3. No has a negative sense and requires the use of verb in affirmative form: I bought no potatoes yesterday

The characteristics of someone or something are expressed in the adjectives and they are used to express the quality of a Noun, there are also adjective phrases and relative clauses used which functions like adjectives too. However, we will have a look at adjectives as words which can accompany the noun before it→ attributive adjectives: the first winner is… poor people…the main reason is…his wonderful writings…the pink panther . Adjectives appear also after the verb when they are copulative or link verbs (to be, become, appear, feel, sound, smell, get, seem, look, make, etc) → predicative adjectives: He appears sad…He got angry…It smells awful…He is rich…They get angry…You seem tired...She becomes nervous...We feel cold…It makes him happy...It sounds nice…She looks pretty...They get impatient…It looks gorgeous…It sounds wonderful…He is fat, bald, ugly and wicked

Information about London London is super for a revitalising and refreshing break away in summer, the capital city is the biggest, brightest and liveliest city in England, full of excitement and enjoyment, you will not be short of things to keep you amused. There are a lot of things to see in London: monuments, parks, museums, art galleries, theatres, buildings, shopping centres and flea markets, etc. What are the main things to do and see? To solve this problem you can ask for information at authorised places: tourist offices, consulates, embassies, etc. They will help you a lot and send you brochures with all the information you need. How to travel to London? -Airplane: there are many cheap flights to the airports in London where you can get easily into town: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton... -Train/ coach/ car: these vehicles go from and to London through the Eurotunnel shuttle from Folkstone Dover to Calais (France), the Eurostar is the train which travel via the Eurotunnel in

With nostalgia and tender joy we hope next Christmas we will not give away our hearts so easily ;D

Now we gather around the Christmas tree again to take off the beautiful and lavish decorations, we save our Christmas tree for the next year with a tender and sweet remembrance of days past around it, our Christmas tree dragged from nature into our homes comes back to it as well as we also come back to work, the city and duties, we split up from our peaceful roots with nature, god and peace till next Christmas when magic is felt by the mankind again due to the words and life of love of Baby Jesus, we look forward next Christmas again.

Thirteen days after Baby Jesus´birth three magicians from the East came to Jerusalem, saying: where is the King of the Jews who was born because we have seen His star? They were called magicians by the greatness of their science since they were called magicians by Persian whom the Greeks called philosophers. They arrived from the limits of Persia, though it is not probable that in thirteen days for them to ride in dromedaries crossing wide countries. There was a different star from others for its radiance and even the daytime light could not dazzle it , for its situation it was not placed in the sky with the minor stars, not in the ether with the planets but it was advancing in the atmosphere guiding the magicians through routes near the Earth. The Magi went to Herod, or the devil and they lost the star, meaning they lost the grace of God, then they moved away from Herod and recovered Him. They were surrounded by a column of cloud by day and a column of fire in the night protecting the

Christmas in the USA are the most popular due to the endless Hollywood Christmas movies set in this country. Although Dutch brought with them Sintaklaas, who also brought presents for children (St. Nicholas) in the 17 th century it was soon forgotten among the British independentists until the nineteenth century when the writer Washington Irving wrote a novel about it. Later Americans depicted Santa Claus with a white beard, red suit, pipe, reindeer and sleigh, they were also the pioneers in the plush and ritzy decoration of streets; even the US president lits up a Christmas tree in Washington D.C. to welcome it officially and celebrations vary among the different background of nationalities and regions of the US . In Hawaii they greet Santa Claus who arrives by boat bringing the Christmas Sheep Tree and they shoot firearms and let off fireworks under the sunny skies and Christmas dinner is eaten outdoors. In Alaska, children singing carols while carrying with lanterns on a pole a l

Christmas is celebrated differently in every country, in Anglo-Saxon countries most of the people celebrate Christmas differently, sometimes it depends on the weather like in Australia because DownUnder celebrate it during summertime with family gatherings around a barbecues and having a dip in the beach or swimming-pool when it is hot, they also receive the Swag Man from the sea replacing Santa Claus, Australians are a mixture of different races, cultures, etc. still seventy per cent are Christians so for them Christmas is eagerly prepared and felt as the time of Jesus´s birth which begins with the Midnight Mass at Christmas´Eve. Kiwis or New Zelanders are the first to celebrate it with the interchange of gifts with the dear ones, indoor and outdoor decoration and Christmas break-parties and singing carols. In England the custom of Christmas tree became popular after Prince Albert placed it in Windsor castle for his wife Queen Victoria in 1841 after a German tradition, the custom of k

O little town of Bethlehem, How still we see thee lie! Above thy deep and dreamless sleep The silent stars go by; Yet in thy dark streets shineth The everlasting Light; The hopes and fears of all the years Are met in thee to-night. F or Christ is born of Mary, And gathered all above, While mortals sleep, the angels keep Their watch of wondering love. O morning stars, together Proclaim the holy birth! And praises sing to God the King, And peace to men on earth. H ow silently, how silently, The wondrous gift is given! So God imparts to human hearts The blessings of his heaven. No ear may hear his coming, But in this world of sin, Where meek souls will receive him, still The dear Christ enters in. W here children pure and happy Pray to the blessed Child, Where misery cries out to thee, Son of the mother mild; Where charity stands watching And faith holds wide the door, The dark night wakes, the glory breaks, And Christmas comes once more. O holy Child of Bethlehem! Descend to us

Today in most countries big discounts and bargains are launched in shopping centres, sales are increased during Boxing Day just as the day following Thanksgiving in the USA and Canada. It is also an important day on the sporting calendar and popular and erroneous claims that Boxing Day originated with boxing. There are full programmes of football and rugby playing with local rivals in England in the Premier League, Ireland in the Irish Premier League and Scotland in the Scottish Premier League, in African Commonwealth countries hold fighting contests such as Tanzania, Ghana, Uganda, Zambia,etc. In England both The King George VI Chase in horse racing is held every year at Kempton Park Racecourse (Surrey) and the fox hunting (after it was forbidden by the Hunting Act in 2004 in living animals) using scented drag trails are quite popular on this date. It also starts in Canada the most famous tournament of ice hockey and in Australia begins the Sydney Yacht Race and holds the Boxing Day T

Boxing Day is a bank or public holiday falling on the day after Christmas on 26 th of December, (which is also Saint Stephen´s day) celebrated in England, Australia, New Zealand and optional in Canada (except in the state of Ontario where workers receive their pay) as well as other Commonwealth countries (in South Africa is called the Day of Good Will). It was established a secular public holiday by the Bank Holidays Act in 1871 throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland as St. Stephen´s Day or the Day of the Wren, whenever the 26 of December falls on Saturday or Sunday the followind day (27 th ) is also taken as a bank holiday. The custom began in the Middle Ages throughout Europe when in churches boxes collected alms during the feast of Saint Stephen and it was given later to the needy. In England there was a tradition among employers (nobility, landowners, wealthy bourgueoise) to give their servants the day off to visit their family along with a box full of gifts and food the day af

The importance of being thankful to God or nature is rooted in all cultures, unfortunately time erased many customs and actually often people forget how meals are provided. The custom to give thanks for a bountiful harvest was quite common in Europe (Celtic tribes, Romans, etc.) and there is some evidence that this tradition was also reinforced in the United States and Canada by means of the following events: when in the autumn of 1621 the Pilgrim Fathers established in Plymouth a year ago they learnt from the Indians to grow corn, beans and pumpkin held, they fasted and prayed and a successful harvest was followed with a joint celebration with members of Native American Patuxet tribe to give thanks to God, they ate for the first time turkey and pumpkin pies because they were the most common products in North America. However, the earliest attested Thanksgiving in North America was held on September 8 th in 1565 by Spanish explorers in Saint Augustine (Florida) and in Canada it goes

The opinions and ideas in a text are introduced by connectors that link the previous ideas or contrast, balance or justify with the next ideas. Whenever we need to organise an argument in a text we must use linking words or phrases to make the ideas understandable. Whenever we need to clarify the general meaning of a text to the reader we must use them, therefore the student comes across them quite often whether in writing or reading a text, the student of English must learn how to use them: -Sequence of points: most people develop develop an argument by means of a sequence. E.g. First, Second, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, etc. First of all, In the first place, For one thing, In the first/second/third/ fourth place… -Adding information: these connectors are used to add information to the main idea… E.g. Morever, Also, Apart from that, Besides, Furthermore, In addition to this, What is more, It must also be said that, Too, After that. -Connectors: they connect paragraphs:

We use many tenses to express the future in English, there is a list here with all the tenses used to introduce the idea of a the future in sentences according with the meaning and the situation. 1. Present Simple tense: it is used to express habits and events scheduled in a timetable. E.g . She travels tomorrow to London. The train arrives at 8.30. The doctor visits his patients on Monday. The plane takes off at 11.00. 2. Present Continuous tense: it is used to talk about plans and appointments in a period not far than a week. E.g. I am going to the hairdresser on Saturday. I am visiting my aunt on Sunday. We are leaving this city on Monday. The children are going to the dentist on Tues day. 3. Future Simple tense: we use the modal auxiliary verb “ will” added to the main verb in the Infinitive form to express the far-distant future, predictions with a low probability, decisions, etc. E.g. The girl says she will study Law. The meteorite will collide on the Earth. I

When more than one adjective is used before a noun, the norm is to place the more precise adjective near the noun. However, sometimes it is not easy to decide which adjective it is. This is the most followed location of words from the farthest ( 1 ) to the nearest (14) to the noun, though writers may not follow it in their literary works: 1. Determiner: both, all, half. 2. Definite article: the 3. Ordinal number: first, last. 4. Cardinal number: one, two, three… 5. General judgement: important, great, good, bad, nice… 6. Physical characteristics: small, fat, slim, big, little, tall, thin… 7. Mental characteristics: awkward, intelligent, stupid… 8. Age or temperature: cold, hot, young, old, warm… 9. Shape: rounded, square, elliptical, circular… 10. Colour: purple, green, blue, red… 11. Verb participle form: threatening, running, ruined, punished, rotten, despised, thought… 12. Material: gilded, golden, wooden... 13. Origin, nationality: Dutch, Brazilian, French