Specialized English

 People can change their language according to different variations which may be social or functional, the social variation of the language that speakers may have varies with their particular region, social and economic class, age or sex group, generation, etc. The functional variation that speakers may have is related to the function of their language whether it is function related to a job, objective, etc. Halliday names the social variation as dialect which differs with the region mainly but also with, social class, generation, age, sex or other grouping and the functional variation as register. Halliday also describes the varieties related to the function and inside the specific professional fields there are varieties such as scientific, technological, commerical and business English. These varieties of English depend on three variables like the theme or field, the speaker or tenor and the role of the language or mode. 

Registers in any language are studied deeply by Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics and the Systemic Functional Grammar amd there are more terms related such as diatype, genre, text type, style, acrolect, mesolect and basilect to explain the discourse categorisation in the language variation. Any or all the elements of language vary in different registers in elements of language which are the vocabulary, syntax, phonology, morphology, pragmatic rules, paralinguistic elements such as pitch, volume and intonation.

The jargon is a specialized language used in a profession, trade or group that allows its users to communicate more effectively in its social purposes such as communication, inclusion among its members and exclusion from the rest of users of common language.n Jargons are used in sports, trades, technical professions such as computing sciences (hackers and geeks) and other type of informal language that does not correspond to profession is slang which is used as a secret code within specific groups or communities in a subculture such as urban groups in cities or regions. The applied linguistics professor Henry George Widdowson challenged Halliday´s definition of register claiming that they are varieties of the same language but different modes of communication  and that the non-verbal features are specific to culture (pragmatic approach) and this is taught nowadays in the form of English for Specific Purporse , ESP, which in accordance with the purpose of the language changes its lexicon and morphosyntax. The pragmatic analysis of ESP studies professional and academic discourse in their concept of genre and the study of communicative strategies in specialized texts. The reason of the emergence of ESP are mainly due to the expansion in scientific, technical and economic activity after the Second World War in which progress in technology and commerce, also the focus on the learners demands and psychology as well as the growing demand of English courses tailored to clients with specific needs and practical methodologies in the English teaching during the 1960s onwards developed teh expansion of particular varieties such as English for Science and Technology.

English for Business and Commerce (EBC): there are two other branches, English for Administrative Purposes (EAP) and English for Business and Economics (EBE). In all varieties the communication skills are essential in the functions of proposing, counter-proposing, criticising, defending, emphasizing, insisting, challenging and reassuring. Therefore, the skills for listening/speaking such as telephoning, socialising, giving presentations, taking part in meetings and negotiating are studied in communicative acts, conversational moves, topic distribution and exchange, turn-taking mechanisms, politness phenomena, coherence of utterances, strategic componenets and telenegotiations. Along with the skills for reading/ writing in report writing, correspondences, layout and correctness in letters or emails. The linguistic features are passive sentences, nominalisations, third persons, empty verbs, present tenses, absence of definite articles, There are also similar outlines in sales-promotion and job applications letters for example firstly introducing the offer/ candidature, detailing the offer/ candidature, indicating the value of the offer/candidature, offering incentives, enclosing documents, soliciting response and signature. There are fixed formats of commercial letters for example in memoranda, insurance policies, transport documents, business correspondence, advertising, etc. The usual type of texts are expositions, argumentative, descriptive, instruction, narrative texts. Business English must use 2nd person singular (you instead of we or I), also must be simple, clear, concise, accurate, coherent, formal, positive and with good layout and tact. Besides cross cultural aspects are crucial for an effective communication, for example Americans consider successful any meeting in which participants are talkative and easy-going whilst British are more formal and restrained. Body language is essential too in video or personal communication such as smile, open posture, leaning forward, touch, eye contact and nod. In order to create a good impression there are behaviour which are assets in commercial meetings such as being punctual, keepin ample space, material quality possessions such as clothes and complements and lastly a friendly relationship.

English for Science and Technology (EST): texts are objective, imporsonal expositions, planned with clarity and scientific rigour and concision. Its discourse is made with precise and accurate descriptions, formal definitions, standard units of measurement, constant reference of data and theories and use of references. The linguistic features are the use of  Latin and Greek affixes, modal verbs, passive voice, present simple to describe and past tense and present perfect to previous research. The main rhetorical functions of EST writing are the abundance of three types of description; physical, function and process, simple and complex definitions, instructional information and direct and indirect instructions. EST lexis uses subtechnical vocabulary, words from English common core which designate technical concepts or associated with specific terms or noun compoundes, the use of nominalisations, prefixes and suffixes.