Education in the UK
The church established learning centres in the Middle Ages and later monarchs and noblemen helped to develop into Universities and grammar, high and public schools which were evolved into modern independent and state schools. In the nineteenth century churches, industrialists and philantropists established Sunday or evening schools for children of the lower classes meanwhile noblemen and wealthy people sent their children to private schools, colleges or universities. It was in 1870 that England & Wales established the Elementary Education Act to provide with elementary or board schools and from 1880 it was obligatory and from the year 1890 it was free for all English children. The Education Act 1940 established three phases being obligatory from 5 to 16 years old: primary (5 to 11 y.o.), secondary (11 to 16 y.o.) and further or higher education which was available to all based on age, ability and aptitude and local authorities set up grammar schools ( advanced students), secondary and technical modern schools. In the 1970s the Labour government tried to introduce comprehensive schools (mixed competencies between grammar and technical) too. Some 90% of English students attend state (público), comprehensive schools and there are six types of maintained schools in UK such as community or county, foundation, voluntary aided schools (mostly Christian and other faith groups and a few non-denominational). From 2000 City Academies were established to teach all abilities in disadvantages areas sponsores by business, faith or voluntary groups along with the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), later City Technology Colleges (CTCs) teach the national curriculum focused on technology and performing arts and offer vocational qualifications (Formación Profesional) usuall in five-terms year for post-compulsory education.
The independent or public schools are private fee-paying (there are some scholarships to gifted students from poor families) separates from the state educational system represent less than 10% of students from 4 to 18 y.o. in the UK and includes famous names such as Eton and Harrow. The entrance exams for these schools are very competititve and there are Independent preparatory schools (or "preps" in primary level) for students who want to attend public schools. Many schools use the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority Scheme of Work to plan the National Curriculum which is the following: Key Stage 1 (5-7 ages), Key Stage 2 (7-11 ages), Key Stage 3 ( 11-14), Key Stage 4 ( age 14-16) then they must undertake the National Curriculum Assessment (called SATs-Standard Attainment Tests), though Scotland and Wales have abandoned these exams.The two main examinations are the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) for 16 y.o. students and the General Certificate of Education at Advanced Level (GCE A level) at the end of the sixth form by 18 y.o. undertaken by independent examination boards evaluation different subjects exams & project works and give future employers ideas of the canditates abilities in mostly six subjects such as mathematics, foreign languages, sciences, etc. The second national examinations (GCSE A level) is normally associated with more academic students aiming for entry to higher education or the professions and supplementary exams on the A levels are also an alternative to the previous exams. There are over 25% of post-secondary school students who enter into the nearly one hundred universities in UK. There are four types of Universities for example the oldest are the medieval Oxford and Cambridge (Oxbridge) or Scottish universities such as St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. The "redbrick" or civic universities such as Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester which were created between 1850 and 1930. The third group were created in the 60s such as Sussex, York and East Anglia. The fourth type are the new universities created from the 90s when polytechnics and other colleges attained university levels. The Bachelor´s degree is attained after the third year of study and are divided into first, second and third class honours, students can also continue doing research in a master´s degree or PhDs. Universities have uniform standards and some have excellence in certain subjects and students attend lectures, also study by tutorials, projects, and seminars. From the 1970s colleges or institutes of higher education were created which offer a wide range of degrees, certificates and diploma courses in both science and arts, training for teachers, some are quite vocational such as the Royal College of Art, the Cranfield Institute of Technology, Business Schools, Royal Academy of Arts and Royal College of Music. Also the Open University created in 1969 was a revolution for all those who could not attend classes to study at home by distance learning in long or part-time courses and uses audio materials, internet, television programmes broadcast on the BBC. Adult education is provided by colleges and universities in evening classes, institutes and clubs associated to the Workers´Educational Association, a charitable company which satisfies the employment or recreational desire of adults in a wide variety of activities and programmes. Here below are links to websites and videos related to the study in UK and scholarships to get being a Spaniard:
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