loegria

 The literary language has been defined through history by many different authors. The definitions that have agreed since ancient times is that it is a language aesthetically pleasing  and that imitates or reflects upon people´s lives because there is realistic or non-fictional and fictional literature. Since the Greeks the theory of literature defines itself as the communication which has a pleasure purpose using a lot of stylistic figures and tropes.  The history of literary criticism starts in Greece , in fact the origin of the word comes from "kritei" and "kritikos" that means jugdement and a judge of literature. In Greece between the sixth an fifth centuries appears the earliest known critic named Xenophantes of Colophon who attacked in his works to Homer and Hesiod , the Sophist philosophers wrote about "rhetoric" and poetry especially authors Gorgias and Protagoras . The Greek playwright Aristophanes in his play "The Frogs" in which ther...

 People can change their language according to different variations which may be social or functional, the social variation of the language that speakers may have varies with their particular region, social and economic class, age or sex group, generation, etc. The functional variation that speakers may have is related to the function of their language whether it is function related to a job, objective, etc. Halliday names the social variation as dialect which differs with the region mainly but also with, social class, generation, age, sex or other grouping   and the functional variation as register. Halliday also describes the varieties related to the function and inside the specific professional fields there are varieties such as scientific, technological, commerical and business English. These varieties of English depend on three variables like the theme or field, the speaker or tenor and the role of the language or mode.  Registers in any language are studied de...

 The sentimental novel began in the eighteenth century in England as a reaction against excessive logic and reason of the Augustan authors who followed the trend of the Enlightment: These authors reflected the cultural and socioeconomic content of the since the established parliament along the constitutional monarch, the development of trade, travels and explorations and industry. In the epoch the English literature were influenced by economists, scientists and philosophers such as David Hume, John Locke, Isaac Newton and Adam Smith which highlighted a liberal and optimistic view on human´s progress. In the context of a alternative powers in the government of Tories and Wigs, without political turmoils but stability built on laws and property and the flourishing English overseas empire and trade of sugar, tabacco, tea and other staples to be manufactured in the homeland in a thriving industry, the number of readers increased due to free press in newspapers and pamphlets and debates...

Since the very beginning humanity has always tried to solve mysteries, tribes used to tell stories to solve mysteries around the fire in caves about their rough lives and the first civilisations that started the first writings either in hieroglyphs and cuneiform writings in clay tablets from the ancient civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Egyptians and others had mystery stories or riddles like that one of the sphynx about the creature that lives on four, two and three legs that answers to the three ages of man.  Humanity has always been fascinated by riddles and mysteries, the tribes told their stories filled with mysteries and the first civilizations like Sumer, Babylon and Egypt also had riddles such as the one of the sphinx dealing with the different ages of man. In the United States the noteworthy poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe wrote the first detective novel in “The Murder of Marie Roget”  The detective fiction in the United Kingdom which is named “cozy”...

 Adjectives add more features to the nouns, in English they always precede the noun and they have no gender (masculine nor feminine) nor number (singular or plural), but they can be graded in the comparative or superlative forms if the adjectives are short, if they have got only one or two syllables, the adjectives from three syllables onwards just place the word "more +adjective+than" (más Adj. que). There are many types of comparisons in sentences using adjectives. The comparison of superiority always follow the following structure: A  + verb + short adj.-er  than / more long adjective than+   B The short adjectives ending in only a consonant, they double last consonant and add-er: big= bigger,  fat= fatter, thin= thinner. Also the final "y" is changed to "i" in adjectives: funny= funnier , ugly= uglier. A or B are the two people, animals or things that are being compared. There are examples here below: "Our kids are smarter than theirs. Crows are...

 In memory of the great orator of all times Charlie Kirk, his untimely death will never erase his legacy. In many English speaking countries the contribution of oracy is very important in the academic grades, also there are Mediterranean or Latinamerican countries where rhetorics is important as in Italy, Chile or Argentina, and according with the Classic education of Greek and Romans there were three great skills that every person should strive to excel such as literacy, numeracy and oracy, thus basic education from Classic era to Middle Ages, Renaissance, Modern Age till recent times has been focused on reading, writing, arithmetic and oracy, the four R, and nowadays we would include also ICT (how to use Information and Computer Technology)and cultural and civic literacy too.  The art of rhetoric was taught since ancient times and nowadays to ability to converse and debate is an asset in enterprises and the professional field. Besides it is an asset to master a foreign langu...

  Question Tags: solemos usar una "question tag", para verificar lo que hemos dicho anteriormente; se hace usando el auxiliar y el sujeto pero si es afirmativa la frase del "question tag" va en negativo y si la frase es negativa la "question tag" va en afirmativa ) para verificar lo que hemos dicho anteriormente.  You are French, aren´t you?             They are not students, are they?     She is a nurse, isn´t she? Emphatic questions: usamos oraciones enfáticas usando "who" o "what" y también expresiones como "whoever, who/ what on earth", debemos poner énfasis en las palabras para hacer una afirmación. I´m scared about it.: you are scared about what? Jennifer wrote me a letter: who on earth wrote me? Bertrand advised me about the issue with houses : Whoever advised you about the houses... Embedded questions : preguntas incrustadas. Son preguntas dentro de otra afirmación o pregunta. Normalmente siguen el orden de una ...

 The use of wish (desear) and if only (si sólo) must be understood to improve English fluency. Wish en situaciones del presente: wish + past simple or continuous Wish en situaciones del pasado: wish + past perfect simple or continuous If only: se usa en la misma estructura que "wish" pero para expresar fuerte impresión o sentimiento y remordimiento. Ex. If only I had written her that letter to apologise finally. If only we had bought the computer, we would have passed the test.  Con " wish / if only "  no usamos "would" con la la 1 persona ya sea en singular "I " o plural "we". También " wish" tiene diferentes significados con sus estructuras en la oración: 1-deseo (o no) para una acción futura (formal). Estructura en la oración: Afirmativa: Sujeto + wish to + V infinitivo (deseo / quiero): I wish to buy a new car. Negativa: Sujeto + don´t/ doesn´t wish to + V infinitivo: They don´t wish to study Law. Interrogativ...

 Australian education is compulsory from till students reach 17 or 18 years old, structured in the following levels: -Early Childhood: includes preschool or kindergarten for children aged 3 to 5 years. -Primary Education: normally from Year 1 to Year 6 (ages six to twelve). -Secondary Education: typically from Year 7 to Year 12 (students from 12 to 18 years old). -Post-compulsory Education:  -Pathways Programs: they have transition programs to prepare students for university if they do not reach entry requirements, these may include foundation studies or bridging courses. -Vocational Education and Training (VET): they provide practical training and education in specific careers to get diplomas and certificate courses in fields such as hospitality, trades, health care, ICT, etc. -Universities: they offer undergraduate (Bachelor´s), graduate (Master´s and Doctoral) degrees and professional qualifications. Students enter after they pass the ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admiss...

The Canadian educational system is known for its high quality and diversity, varying by province and territory because each region has its own policies and regulations. It is divided in: -Elementary and Secondary Education: normally from kindergarten to Grade 6 at Elementary and from Grade 7 to Grade 12 in Secondary schools and High schools around age 17 or 18, once the students graduate they have several options: -Trade schools/ Apprenticeships: for students interested in hands-on careers in skilled trades (carpentry, bakery, hairdressing, plumbing, etc.), trade schoools offer classroom instruction and practical training and apprenticeships allow students to work under experienced tradespeople while completin technical training. -Colleges: focused on practical skills and applied learning. They offer diploma and certificate programs that can range from 1 to 3 years. Programs are often career-focused in professions such as nursing, graphic design, etc. which sometimes can also lead t...

Education in the United States of America: The first formal schools appeared in the 1630s in New England such as the Boston Latin School and in the "Old Deluder Satan Act" required that every town in Massachussets must hire teachers to operate grammar schools. During the eighteenth century the religion gradually weakened and after the American Revolution the constitution made all states to have public schools but its attendance was obligatory only in Massachussets and Connecticut. After the court decision in Brown&Board of Education in 1954 racial segregation was banned and in the 60s, 70s and 80s state schools in the inner cities became famous for lack of discipline, ghettoisation, substance abuse and violence. The federal government supports lunch programs, research grants, loans in college students and scholarships for veterans. In all states are permitted private schools though state schools are the majority and the state regulates the curriculum, graduation requirem...

 The Irish education system is well-structured and has undergone various reforms to meet the needs of its population and it is divided into several stages: -Early childhood education: it includes preschool or nursery programs for children aged 0 to 6. It is optional and some children are home-school at these ages and other children attend preschool to prepare for Primary School. -Primary school: it usually lasts from 6 to 12 years old (eight years total) and it is divided in two cycles:Infant classes: Junior and Senior Infants (2 years) and First to Sixth Class which lasts 6 years and attend children from 8 to 12 years old.  -Post-Primary Education: it lasts six years divided in "Junior Cycle" from 12 to 15 years old and "Senior Cycle" till 18 y.o. leading to the Leaving Certificate exam crucial for the university admission.  There are national secondary schools (state funded) and vocational schools which focus on skills and trades and there are also private cent...

The church established learning centres in the Middle Ages and later monarchs and noblemen helped to develop into Universities and grammar , high and public   schools which were evolved into modern independent and state schools. In the nineteenth century churches, industrialists and philantropists established Sunday or evening schools for children of the lower classes meanwhile noblemen and wealthy people sent their children to private schools, colleges or universities. It was in 1870 that England & Wales established the Elementary Education Act to provide with elementary or board schools and from 1880 it was obligatory and from the year 1890 it was free for all English children. The Education Act 1940 established three phases being obligatory from 5 to 16 years old: primary (5 to 11 y.o.), secondary (11 to 16 y.o.) and further or higher education which was available to all based on age, ability and aptitude and local authorities set up grammar schools ( advanced students),...

In the history of English the legacy of King Arthur in literature is of paramount importance. It seems that the folk hero was a king or a Roman general at the beginning of the Middle Ages, after Romans left Britannia there was chaos and Arthur arose to bring order and peace. The legend says that he was born a Roman-Briton in the fifth century, entered the army and fought against the invaders Anglo-Saxons with many victories as narrated firstly by the Welsh cleric Nennius and the "Annales Cambriae", "Historia Britonum" at the beginning of Middle Ages and after the Norman invasion of England in eleventh century of England the monk Geoffrey of Monmouth also wrote about king Arthur in his "History of the English Kings" in Latin, though it is also said that it may a historicised figure from folklore like Hengest & Horsa former horse-gods. As the legend says the king Uther Pendragon was in love with Igraine but she was married and loyal to Duke Gorlois ...

Charles Dickens, the English writer that due to his works political reforms were promoted for the benefit of the most impoverished people in the country and the trend of Christmas celebration especially for children and those good-hearted citizens who share the same compassion for the weakest part of society as our brilliant author. His works are of paramount importance in England and worldwide especially his novels about children such as "A Christmas Carol", "Oliver Twist", "Great Expectations" and "David Copperfield". Before Dickens, there was literature for children by means of tales (cuentos) or lesson paddles (paletas con lecciones) often moralistic, religious or funny (story tellers). There were pictures of the world (orbis pictus) with sentences for children to learn since in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but the Father of the children´s literature is John Newbery, an Englishman who published "The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes...

 The Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom during the late eighteenth century and the geopolitical influence of the nation in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, its expansion in colonies and the thriving British Empire during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries facilitated the expansion of the English language in many countries and fields such as technology, science and business. Moreover the importance of the United States in the world increases the importance of English in all areas from politics to business or art such as literature, music or films. 

 The dystopian novels are those which present a future dehumanized, frightening and controlled or anarchist society, these type of novels reflect social anxieties, radical and dictatorial political climates and human nature. The origins can be traced back(se remonta) by utopian literature which is the opposite because presents ideal societies, one of the earliest examples was " Utopia" by Thomas More in Renaissance England which describes an imaginary society in an island. Also the origins are in satirical novels such as "Gulliver´s Travels " 1726 by Jonathan Swift which highlights the absurdities and flaws (defectos) of contemporary civilization. Another origin is the rapid development of the Industrial Revolution which brought significant social changes and many people became aware (llegó a ser consciente) of the potential negatives of progress. It also served as a social and political critique of contemporary political systems such as communism or capitalism esp...

 Romantic literature in English which not only points out to love and emotion as Saint Valentine´s poems but also a celebration of melancholy, exoticism and history like the novels of Sir Walter Scott or eccentricity, individualism, adventure, bravery and isolation like in Lord Byron´s poetry or nature, animals, magic, transcendentalism, delicacy and art like in John Keats´poems. Romanticism was a literary movement which started as a reaction to Classicism at the end of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth. We have got painters that focus on nature and isolated or tender characters like John Constable, J. W. Turner and Pre Raphaelite painters and later we have the Hudson Rivers  painters in the US and European painters like Goya, Géricault, Eugène Delacroix and nature Scottish painters. Also in philosophy we have a Counter-Enlightenment movement  preceded by philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, it was a reaction to the Age of Reason in the Germanic Ideali...